CHAPTER 11: PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS

11.1 PROGRAMMING BASICS

11.1.1 Variables and Constants

Variable Declaration:

Constant Declaration:

Assignment:

11.1.2 Input/Output

Input:

Output:

11.1.3 Arithmetic Operators

11.1.4 Logical Operators

11.2 CONSTRUCTS

11.2.1 Selection Statements

IF Statement:

Nested IF:

CASE Statement:

11.2.2 Loop Structures

Count-Controlled (FOR):

Pre-Condition (WHILE):

Post-Condition (REPEAT):

Choice of Loop:

• FOR: When number of iterations known
• WHILE: When condition checked before first iteration
• REPEAT: When condition checked after at least one iteration

11.3 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

11.3.1 Procedures

Definition: A reusable block of code that performs a specific task.

Declaration:

Call:

Parameters:

• Passed by value: Copy of data passed
• Passed by reference: Actual data passed (can be modified)

11.3.2 Functions

Definition: Returns a value; used in expressions.

Declaration:

Use: