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4.1 PURPOSES OF AN OPERATING SYSTEM 4.1.1 Resource Optimisation How OS Maximises Resources: CPU scheduling Memory management I/O optimisation File system management 4.1.2 User Interface Purpose: Hides complexities of hardware from user. Allows user...

5.1 ENCRYPTION AND ENCRYPTION PROTOCOLS 5.1.1 Encryption Concepts Plain Text: Original data before encryption. Cipher Text: Result of applying encryption algorithm to data. Encryption: Process of making cipher text from plain text. Key: Value used by encr...

6.1 INTRODUCTION TO AI 6.1.1 Definition Artificial Intelligence: The ability of computers to perform tasks that usually only humans would be able to do (decision-making, speech recognition, etc.). Machine Learning (ML): A subfield of AI where computers lear...

7.1 RECURSION 7.1.1 Essential Features Base Case: Stopping condition Prevents infinite recursion Recursive Case: Calls itself Changes state toward base case Unwinding: When base case reached Returns through call stack Calculates final resu...

8.1 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS 8.1.1 Low-Level Programming Characteristics: Close to machine language Direct hardware access Instructions converted to machine code without compiler Non-portable (specific to processor) Small memory footprint Examples: Asse...

9.1 BUBBLE SORT 9.1.1 How It Works Compare adjacent elements Swap if in wrong order Repeat for entire list Each pass places largest unsorted element at end Continue until no swaps needed 9.1.2 Pseudocode <PSEUDOCODE> DECLARE my...

10.1 LINEAR SEARCH 10.1.1 How It Works Start at first element Compare with target If match, return position If not, move to next element Repeat until found or end of list 10.1.2 Pseudocode <PSEUDOCODE> DECLARE myList : ARRAY[0:...

11.1 STACKS 11.1.1 Characteristics LIFO: Last In, First Out Add and remove from only one end (top) 11.1.2 Operations Push (Add): <PSEUDOCODE> PROCEDURE Push(item) IF topPointer < stackFull THEN topPointer ← topPointer...

12.1 WRITING RECURSIVE ALGORITHMS 12.1.1 Essential Components Base Case: Condition that stops recursion Recursive Case: Function calls itself with modified parameters 12.1.2 Examples Sum of Numbers: <PYTHON> def sum(n): if ...

13.1 CLASSES AND OBJECTS 13.1.1 Defining Classes <PYTHON> class Person: def __init__(self, name, age): self.name = name # Property self.age = age # Property def get_name(self): # Method return self.na...

14.1 FILE OPERATIONS IN PYTHON 14.1.1 Opening Files <PYTHON> # Read mode file = open("data.txt", "r") # Write mode (overwrites) file = open("data.txt", "w") # Append mode file = open("data.txt", "a") ...

15.1 TRY-EXCEPT 15.1.1 Basic Structure <PYTHON> try: result = 10 / 0 except ZeroDivisionError: print("Cannot divide by zero") 15.1.2 Multiple Exceptions <PYTHON> try: file = ope...

EXAM PREPARATION CHECKLIST Paper 3 - Advanced Theory: ☐ User-defined data types ☐ File organisation and hashing ☐ Floating-point representation ☐ TCP/IP protocol layers ☐ Circuit vs packet switching ☐ RISC vs CISC processors ☐ Pipelining ☐ Boolean algebra an...

PSEUDOCODE VS PYTHON QUICK REFERENCE Pseudocode Python DECLARE x : INTEGER x = 0 IF condition THEN if condition: ELSE else: ENDIF (indentation) FOR i ← 1 TO 10 for i in range(1, 11): NEXT i (indentation) W...

PHYSICSBOWL COMPREHENSIVE REVISION NOTESA Complete Guide to Acing the PhysicsBowl ExamTABLE OF CONTENTS    Mechanics - Kinematics    Mechanics - Newton's Laws    Work, Energy, and Power    Linear Momentum and Collisions    Rotational Motion    Gravitation    S...

"""Main game entry point: title screen, character creation, game loop.""" import sys import os sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__)) from data_types import * from character import create_player_character, JOB_BASE_STATS from game_state import...

"""Battle engine: handles all combat calculations and the battle loop.""" from __future__ import annotations import random import math from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Dict from data_types import * from character import Character from monster_u...